In modern education, the search for engaging and effective methods for teaching students has become a top priority.  As such, one of the methodologies that has been gaining popularity over the last few decades is problem-based learning (PBL).  

It is an innovative approach that is aimed at making students the protagonists of their own learning process. It encourages critical skills such as solving real or simulated problems, teamwork and critical thinking. 

How does problem-based learning work?

Problem-based learning is an educational methodology that was developed by McMaster University in Canada during the 1960s and focuses primarily on the learner, using real and complex problems as the main thrust for learning.  

The essence of PBL lies in presenting students with problems that have no clear solution and require a combination of multiple areas of knowledge. In this way, through research, collaboration and reflection, they develop a deep understanding of the content and improve their problem-solving skills.

This not only favours the assimilation of theoretical knowledge, but also the development of practical skills that are essential for their future, such as communication, teamwork, time management and the ability to adapt to new situations.

Problem-based learning methodology

Problem-based learning follows a structured process that guides students from the identification of the problem to the evaluation of its solutions.

The process begins with identifying a problem that students must solve. To do this, they research and gather information from a variety of sources, such as books and academic articles.  Then, in groups, they generate and analyse possible solutions, choosing the best one or combining several solutions.  

The implementation of the solution ends with a presentation with written reports or oral presentations. These are reflected on and debated together with the other students, which helps to consolidate the understanding of the content and the skills developed. 

Problem-based learning: advantages and disadvantages

Problem-based learning offers many advantages, but it also has some disadvantages that need to be taken into account.

Advantages

  • Development of critical skills: PBL enhances skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, creativity and teamwork, which are essential for both personal and professional purposes.
  • Deeper learning: by dealing with real and complex problems, students are able to assimilate concepts in a deeper and more lasting way, facilitating long-term retention of knowledge.
  • Motivation and engagement: PBL is a more dynamic and stimulating methodology than traditional methods, making students more motivated and proactive during the learning process.
  • Preparation for the real world: PBL prepares students for future challenges by providing them with the necessary tools to apply their knowledge and skills in practical, real-world situations.

Disadvantages

  • More time and resources required: more time is needed to design really useful problems and guide learners through the process.
  • More complicated to assess: the assessment method can be more complex than traditional methods as assessments need to be flexible and take into account not only knowledge, but also the processes and skills developed.
  • Resistance to change: teachers may need extra training to be able to implement the new approach effectively, and students may find it difficult to adapt to it.

How to implement problem-based learning in the classroom

In order to implement problem-based learning in the classroom, a number of phases should be followed:

Phase 1: Preparation and planning

In this phase, teachers should identify and design problems aligned with the learning objectives of the course. It is important that, in addition to being stimulating, they involve the application of different areas of knowledge.

Phase 2: Presentation of the problem

The problem is presented for students to analyse, ask questions and define what they need to know in order to solve it.

Phase 3: Research and information gathering

Students research and gather the information necessary to better understand the problem and propose possible solutions. This phase involves the use of various sources of information and the development of research skills.

Phase 4: Generating and evaluating ideas

In this phase, students reflect on and develop possible solutions to the problem. They must evaluate each option based on certain criteria and select the most viable one.

Phase 5: Implementation and presentation

Students implement the chosen solution and present it to their classmates. This can be done through written reports, oral presentations, practical demonstrations or by prototyping.

Phase 6: Reflection and feedback

The final phase is a reflection on the learning process and feedback from peers and teachers. This helps to consolidate theoretical knowledge and identify areas for improvement.

Problem-based learning: didactic examples

Problem-based learning can be applied in a wide variety of subjects and educational contexts.  Here are some practical examples to give you a better understanding of how this methodology can be implemented:

  • Mathematics: students can solve everyday mathematical problems, such as calculating areas of irregular shapes in a school garden. In this way, besides learning mathematical concepts, they can also develop measurement skills, for example.
  • Natural Sciences: students can investigate the life cycle of a butterfly, observing and documenting each stage in a research project. This encourages scientific learning based on observation and experimentation.
  • History: students can learn about different historical events such as the Industrial Revolution by researching the causes, consequences and impact it had on contemporary society. They can then simulate debates to get an overview of different historical perspectives.

In conclusion, problem-based learning is a highly effective educational methodology that completely transforms the traditional teaching-learning process.  

By focusing on real and relevant problems, PBL not only promotes a deeper understanding of the content, but it also encourages the development of critical skills and prepares students to face real-world challenges.  

Admittedly, it also has some disadvantages, but its advantages far outweigh any drawbacks, making it a powerful tool for both students and teachers.